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Dance

Performing Arts

Dance is the rhythmic movement of the body, usually performed to music within a defined space, undertaken to express an idea or emotion, release energy or delight in movement itself. Its true origin is lost in prehistory, but cave paintings in Spain and France depicting groups of figures in dancelike formations have led scholars to infer that religious rite and sympathetic magic were central motivations among early peoples. Because dance leaves no physical trace comparable to a painted wall or carved stone, everything known about its earliest forms is inferred rather than directly observed. Across history dance has served religious, military and social functions before gradually developing into codified theatrical forms. In the West this produced two dominant modern strands: ballet, a formal theatrical tradition rooted in European court dance dominant since the seventeenth century, and modern dance, which emerged in the United States and Europe in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries as a deliberate protest against ballet's formalism, most influentially in the contraction-and-release technique developed by Martha Graham in early twentieth century America.

Facts
Medium
The human body in rhythmic motion through space, most often organized in relation to music, using no external material medium beyond the performer's own physical movement. 1
Signature Technique
Theatrical dance, which often tells a story using mime, costume and scenery, or interprets its musical accompaniment, distinct from participatory social dance. 2
Place of Origin
India and Egypt; the earliest archaeological evidence for dance includes roughly 10,000-year-old paintings at the Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka in Madhya Pradesh, India, and Egyptian tomb paintings of dancing figures dated to about 3300 BC. 2
Notable Example
Igor Stravinsky's The Rite of Spring, staged as a ballet whose new rhythmic language evoked primal feelings of a primitive past. 2
Dance
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FAQs

What distinguishes ballet from other forms of theatrical dance?

Ballet is defined by a codified vocabulary of positions and steps built on turnout and pointe work, developed through a formal European training tradition beginning in the Renaissance.

Ballet is defined by a codified vocabulary of positions and steps built on turnout of the legs and, for female dancers, pointe work, taught through a formal training system that developed out of European court and opera traditions beginning in the Renaissance. Folk, modern and other theatrical dance forms do not share that specific codified vocabulary, even where they share stages, music or narrative subject matter with ballet.
Connections

Associated With

Ballet, Art Forms
Ballet, Art Forms
Music, Art Forms
Music, Art Forms

Genre Of

Movements

Modernism, Movements
Source Ballet and Modern Dance: A Concise HistoryJack Anderson

Practitioners

Alicia Alonso, Artists
Source Wikipedia: Alicia Alonso
Alvin Ailey, Artists
Source Alvin Ailey - Wikipedia
Anna Pavlova, Artists
Source Wikipedia: Anna Pavlova
Antonio Gades, Artists
Source Wikipedia: Antonio Gades
Balasaraswati, Artists
Source Wikipedia: Balasaraswati
Carmen Amaya, Artists
Source Wikipedia: Carmen Amaya
Source Wikipedia: Choi Seung-hee
Fred Astaire, Artists
Source Fred Astaire (Wikipedia)
Gene Kelly, Artists
Source Gene Kelly (Wikipedia)
Source Wikipedia: George Balanchine
Source Wikipedia: Germaine Acogny
Ginger Rogers, Artists
Source Ginger Rogers (Wikipedia)
Source Isadora Duncan - Wikipedia
James Brown, Artists
Source James Brown (Wikipedia)
Source Josephine Baker - Wikipedia
Source Wikipedia: Juan Carlos Copes
Source Katherine Dunham (Wikipedia)
Kazuo Ohno, Artists
Source Wikipedia: Kazuo Ohno
Loie Fuller, Artists
Source Loie Fuller (Wikipedia)
Source Margot Fonteyn (Wikipedia)
Source Marie Taglioni - Wikipedia
Martha Graham, Artists
Source Ballet and Modern Dance: A Concise HistoryJack Anderson
Source Merce Cunningham (Wikipedia)
Source Michael Jackson (Wikipedia)
Michel Fokine, Artists
Source Michel Fokine (Wikipedia)
Source Mikhail Baryshnikov (Wikipedia)
Nick Cave, Artists
Source Getty Research Institute Union List of Artist Names: Cave, Nick (American sculptor and performance artist, born 1959)
Source Wikipedia: Norodom Buppha Devi
Pina Bausch, Artists
Source Wikipedia: Pina Bausch
Ram Gopal, Artists
Source Wikipedia: Ram Gopal (dancer)
Source Wikipedia: Rudolf Nureyev
Source Wikipedia: Rukmini Devi Arundale
Source Wikipedia: Ruth St. Denis
Sada Yacco, Artists
Source Wikipedia: Sada Yacco
Tahia Carioca, Artists
Source Wikipedia: Tahia Carioca
Source Wikipedia: Tatsumi Hijikata
Twyla Tharp, Artists
Source Twyla Tharp (Wikipedia)
Uday Shankar, Artists
Source Wikipedia: Uday Shankar
Source Vaslav Nijinsky - Wikipedia

Works In This Form

Source Revelations (Alvin Ailey), Wikipedia
In the Other Atlases

Originated In

Also in Geography Atlas: where this subject originated.

Source Ballet and Modern Dance: A Concise HistoryJack Anderson
Sources
1. Encyclopaedia Britannica
Encyclopaedia Britannica editors, Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.Dance, britannica.com/art/danceView the Source
2. Wikipedia
Wikimedia Foundation
Ballet and Modern Dance: A Concise History
Jack Anderson, Princeton Book Company
  • chapters on the origins of theatrical dance
  • Practitioners: Martha Graham, chapter on the founders of American modern dance, section on Graham
  • Movements: Modernism, chapter on the founders of American modern dance
Dance (Wikipedia)
  • Dance, Theatrical and participatory dance section
    Theatrical dance...often tells a story, potentially using mime, costume and scenery, or it may interpret the musical accompaniment
  • Dance, History section
    10,000-years-old paintings in Madhya Pradesh, India at the Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka, and Egyptian tomb paintings depicting dancing figures, dated c. 3300 BC
  • Dance, Approaches, Theatrical section
    Igor Stravinsky's The Rite of Spring with its new rhythmic language evoking primal feelings of a primitive past.
View the Source
Isadora Duncan - Wikipedia
Practitioners: Isadora Duncan, Lead section
Quote, Practitioners: Isadora Duncan, Lead section
Angela Isadora Duncan (May 26, 1877, or May 27, 1878 - September 14, 1927) was an American-born dancer and choreographer, who was a pioneer of modern contemporary dance and performed to great acclaim throughout Europe and the United States.
View the Source
Vaslav Nijinsky - Wikipedia
Practitioners: Vaslav Nijinsky, Lead section
Quote, Practitioners: Vaslav Nijinsky, Lead section
Vaslav or Vatslav Fomich Nijinsky (12 March 1889/1890 - 8 April 1950) was a Russian ballet dancer and choreographer of Polish ancestry. He is regarded as the greatest male dancer of the early 20th century.
View the Source
Wikipedia: George Balanchine
Practitioners: George Balanchine, lead paragraph
Quote, Practitioners: George Balanchine, lead paragraph
George Balanchine (; born Georgiy Melitonovich Balanchivadze; January 22, 1904 [O.S. January 9], April 30, 1983) was a Russian-American ballet choreographer of Georgian descent. He is recognized as one of the most influential cho
View the Source
Wikipedia: Anna Pavlova
Practitioners: Anna Pavlova, lead paragraph
Quote, Practitioners: Anna Pavlova, lead paragraph
Anna Pavlovna Pavlova (born Anna Matveyevna Pavlova; 12 February [O.S. 31 January] 1881-23 January 1931) was a Russian prima ballerina. She was a principal artist of the Imperial Russian Ballet and the Ballets Russes of Sergei D
View the Source
Wikipedia: Pina Bausch
Practitioners: Pina Bausch, Lead section
Quote, Practitioners: Pina Bausch, Lead section
Philippine "Pina" Bausch (27 July 1940 - 30 June 2009) was a German dancer and choreographer who was a significant contributor to a neo-expressionist dance tradition now known as Tanztheater.
View the Source
Wikipedia: Rudolf Nureyev
Practitioners: Rudolf Nureyev, Lead section
Quote, Practitioners: Rudolf Nureyev, Lead section
Rudolf Khametovich Nureyev (17 March 1938 - 6 January 1993) was a Soviet-born ballet dancer and choreographer. Nureyev is widely regarded as the preeminent male ballet dancer of the 20th century, as well as one of the greatest ballet dancers of all time.
View the Source
Marie Taglioni - Wikipedia
Practitioners: Marie Taglioni, Lead section
Quote, Practitioners: Marie Taglioni, Lead section
Marie Taglioni, Comtesse de Voisins (23 April 1804 - 22 April 1884) was a Swedish-born ballet dancer of the Romantic ballet era partially of Italian descent, a central figure in the history of European dance. She spent most of her life in the Austrian Empire and France.
View the Source
Alvin Ailey - Wikipedia
Practitioners: Alvin Ailey, Lead section
Quote, Practitioners: Alvin Ailey, Lead section
(January 5, 1931 - December 1, 1989) was an American dancer, director, choreographer, and activist. He founded the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater (AAADT) in 1958, and the Clark Center for the Performing Arts in 1959.
View the Source
Merce Cunningham (Wikipedia)
Practitioners: Merce Cunningham, Lead section
Quote, Practitioners: Merce Cunningham, Lead section
Mercier "Merce" Philip Cunningham (April 16, 1919 - July 26, 2009) was an American dancer and choreographer who was at the forefront of American modern dance for more than 50 years.
View the Source
Josephine Baker - Wikipedia
Practitioners: Josephine Baker, Lead section
Quote, Practitioners: Josephine Baker, Lead section
Freda Josephine Baker (née McDonald; June 3, 1906 - April 12, 1975) was an American-born French dancer, singer, and actress, and a spy for the French Resistance. Her career was centered primarily in Europe, mostly in France.
View the Source
Mikhail Baryshnikov (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationPractitioners: Mikhail Baryshnikov, lead paragraph
Quote, Practitioners: Mikhail Baryshnikov, lead paragraph
Mikhail Nikolayevich Baryshnikov (born January 27, 1948) is a Latvian and American dancer, choreographer, and actor. He was the preeminent male classical ballet dancer of the 1970s and 1980s. He subsequently became a noted dance d
View the Source
Margot Fonteyn (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationPractitioners: Margot Fonteyn, Lead section
Quote, Practitioners: Margot Fonteyn, Lead section
Dame Margaret Evelyn de Arias DBE (née Hookham; 18 May 1919 - 21 February 1991), known by the stage name Margot Fonteyn (), was an English ballerina. She spent her entire career as a dancer with the Sadler's Wells Ballet Company, now known as the Royal Ballet, eventually being appointed prima ballerina assoluta of the company by Queen Elizabeth II.
View the Source
Twyla Tharp (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationPractitioners: Twyla Tharp, lead paragraph
Quote, Practitioners: Twyla Tharp, lead paragraph
Twyla Tharp ( ; born July 1, 1941) is an American dancer, choreographer, and author who lives and works in New York City. In 1965 she formed the company Twyla Tharp Dance, which merged with American Ballet Theatre in 1988. She reg
View the Source
Loie Fuller (Wikipedia)
Practitioners: Loie Fuller, Lead section
Quote, Practitioners: Loie Fuller, Lead section
Loie Fuller (; born Marie Louise Fuller; January 15, 1862 - January 1, 1928), also known as Louie Fuller and Loïe Fuller, was an American dancer and a pioneer of modern dance and theatrical lighting techniques.
View the Source
Michael Jackson (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationPractitioners: Michael Jackson, Lead section
Quote, Practitioners: Michael Jackson, Lead section
Michael Joseph Jackson (August 29, 1958 - June 25, 2009) was an American singer, songwriter, dancer, and philanthropist. Dubbed the "King of Pop", he is widely regarded as one of the most culturally significant figures of the 20th century.
View the Source
James Brown (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationPractitioners: James Brown, lead paragraph
Quote, Practitioners: James Brown, lead paragraph
James Joseph Brown (May 3, 1933, December 25, 2006) was an American singer, songwriter, dancer, musician, and record producer. The central progenitor of funk music and a major figure of 20th-century music, he is referred to by va
View the Source
Fred Astaire (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationPractitioners: Fred Astaire, Lead section
Quote, Practitioners: Fred Astaire, Lead section
Fred Astaire (born Frederick Austerlitz; May 10, 1899 - June 22, 1987) was an American dancer, actor, singer, musician, choreographer, and presenter, whose career in stage, film, and television spanned 76 years. He is widely regarded as the "greatest popular-music dancer of all time".
View the Source
Ginger Rogers (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationPractitioners: Ginger Rogers, Lead section
Quote, Practitioners: Ginger Rogers, Lead section
Ginger Rogers (born Virginia Katherine McMath; July 16, 1911 - April 25, 1995) was an American actress, dancer, and singer during the Golden Age of Hollywood. She won an Academy Award for Best Actress for her starring role in Kitty Foyle (1940), and performed during the 1930s in RKO's musical films with Fred Astaire.
View the Source
Gene Kelly (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationPractitioners: Gene Kelly, Lead section
Quote, Practitioners: Gene Kelly, Lead section
Eugene Curran Kelly (August 23, 1912 - February 2, 1996) was an American dancer, actor, singer, director and choreographer. He was known for his energetic and athletic dancing style.
View the Source
Katherine Dunham (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationPractitioners: Katherine Dunham, Lead section
Quote, Practitioners: Katherine Dunham, Lead section
Katherine Mary Dunham (June 22, 1909 - May 21, 2006) was an American dancer, choreographer, anthropologist, and social activist. One of the most renowned modern dance artists of the 20th century, she has been called the "matriarch and queen mother of black dance." While a student at the University of Chicago, Dunham also performed as a dancer, ran a dance school and earned an early bachelor's degree in anthropology.
View the Source
Michel Fokine (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationPractitioners: Michel Fokine, Article text
Quote, Practitioners: Michel Fokine, Article text
Fokine, Michel (1880-1942) at Australia Dancing Fokine, Michel at IBDB. Fokine on Britannica.com Michael Fokine (23 April [O.S.
View the Source
Wikipedia: Uday Shankar
Practitioners: Uday Shankar, Lead
Quote, Practitioners: Uday Shankar, Lead
was an Indian dancer and choreographer
View the Source
Wikipedia: Rukmini Devi Arundale
Practitioners: Rukmini Devi Arundale, Lead
Quote, Practitioners: Rukmini Devi Arundale, Lead
was an Indian theosophist, dancer and choreographer of the Indian classical dance form of Bharatanatyam, and an activist for animal welfare
View the Source
Wikipedia: Carmen Amaya
Practitioners: Carmen Amaya, Lead
Quote, Practitioners: Carmen Amaya, Lead
was a Spanish Romani flamenco dancer and singer, born in the Somorrostro district of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
View the Source
Wikipedia: Alicia Alonso
Practitioners: Alicia Alonso, Lead
Quote, Practitioners: Alicia Alonso, Lead
was a Cuban prima ballerina assoluta and choreographer
View the Source
Wikipedia: Ram Gopal (dancer)
Practitioners: Ram Gopal, Lead
Quote, Practitioners: Ram Gopal, Lead
was an Indian dancer and choreographer
View the Source
Wikipedia: Antonio Gades
Practitioners: Antonio Gades, Lead
Quote, Practitioners: Antonio Gades, Lead
was a Spanish flamenco dancer and choreographer
View the Source
Wikipedia: Kazuo Ohno
Practitioners: Kazuo Ohno, Lead
Quote, Practitioners: Kazuo Ohno, Lead
was a Japanese dancer
View the Source
Wikipedia: Tatsumi Hijikata
Practitioners: Tatsumi Hijikata, Lead
Quote, Practitioners: Tatsumi Hijikata, Lead
was a Japanese choreographer, and the founder of a genre of dance performance art called Butoh
View the Source
Wikipedia: Choi Seung-hee
Practitioners: Choi Seung-hee, Lead
Quote, Practitioners: Choi Seung-hee, Lead
was a leading Korean modern dancer
View the Source
Wikipedia: Norodom Buppha Devi
Practitioners: Norodom Buppha Devi, Lead
Quote, Practitioners: Norodom Buppha Devi, Lead
was a Cambodian princess, dancer, director of the Royal Ballet of Cambodia, senator, and Minister of Culture and Fine Arts
View the Source
Wikipedia: Germaine Acogny
Practitioners: Germaine Acogny, Lead
Quote, Practitioners: Germaine Acogny, Lead
is a Senegalese dancer and choreographer
View the Source
Wikipedia: Juan Carlos Copes
Practitioners: Juan Carlos Copes, Lead
Quote, Practitioners: Juan Carlos Copes, Lead
was an Argentine tango dancer, choreographer, and performer
View the Source
Wikipedia: Balasaraswati
Practitioners: Balasaraswati, Lead
Quote, Practitioners: Balasaraswati, Lead
was an Indian dancer, and her rendering of Bharatanatyam, a classical dance style
View the Source
Wikipedia: Tahia Carioca
Practitioners: Tahia Carioca, Lead
Quote, Practitioners: Tahia Carioca, Lead
was an Egyptian belly dancer and film actress
View the Source
Wikipedia: Sada Yacco
Practitioners: Sada Yacco, Lead
Quote, Practitioners: Sada Yacco, Lead
was a Japanese geisha, actress and dancer
View the Source
Wikipedia: Ruth St. Denis
Practitioners: Ruth St. Denis, Lead
Quote, Practitioners: Ruth St. Denis, Lead
was an American pioneer of modern dance, introducing eastern ideas into the art and paving the way for other women in dance
View the Source
Revelations (Alvin Ailey), Wikipedia
Works In This Form: Revelations (Alvin Ailey), Lead sentence
Quote, Works In This Form: Revelations (Alvin Ailey), Lead sentence
Revelations is the best-known work of the modern dance choreographer Alvin Ailey.
View the Source
Getty Research Institute Union List of Artist Names: Cave, Nick (American sculptor and performance artist, born 1959)
Getty Research Institute Union List of Artist NamesPractitioners: Nick Cave, Roles
Quote, Practitioners: Nick Cave, Roles
dancer
View the Source

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